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Volley fire, as a military tactic, is the practice of having a line of soldiers all fire their weapons simultaneously at the enemy forces on command, usually to make up for inaccuracy, slow rate of fire, and limited range, and to create a maximum effect. == History == The history of volley fire dates back before firearms were developed. Volley fire was used by archers, for example at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415.〔() Villalon, L.J. Andrew, and Kagay, Donald J., "The Hundred Years War (part II): different vistas," Brill Academic Pub, 2008, Page 75. ISBN 978-90-04-16821-3 Retrieved September 28, 2011〕 With the advent of the handheld musket in the 16th century military revolution, volley fire tactics became used on European battlefields. Although the military historian Geoffrey Parker attributes its "invention" in Europe in an influential thesis to the Dutch rebels William Louis and Maurice of Nassau in 1594,〔Parker, Geoffrey (2007): ''The Limits to Revolutions in Military Affairs: Maurice of Nassau, the Battle of Nieuwpoort (1600), and the Legacy'', in: ''The Journal of Military History'', Vol. 71, pp. 331–372 (337ff.)〕 a number of instances attest that volley fire and the countermarch were already in "common use" in Europe by this time.〔Eltis, David: ''The Military Revolution in Sixteenth-Century Europe'', I.B. Tauris, New York, 1998, ISBN 978-1-86064-352-1, pp. 25, 31〕 The contemporary Italian historian Jovius records how a form of volley fire was employed by Colonna's arquebusiers as early as the Battle of Bicocca (1522).〔Eltis 1998, p. 31〕 In the 18th century, the British would use volley fire to make up for the inaccuracy and limited range (100 yards) of their musket, the Brown Bess. Armies approached one another in linear formations. British soldiers would fire volleys in the general direction of the enemy, by ranks. The command they were given was to level weapons, rather than to aim.〔() Dickinson, H.T., "A companion to eighteenth-century Britain," Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. Page 479. ISBN 978-0-631-21837-1 Retrieved September 28, 2011〕 The shooters might be formed in three ranks, with the front rank firing simultaneously, then the second rank, offset, then the third, after which the first rank was ready to fire again.〔() McKay, John, Bradford, James C., and Pawlowsky, Rebeccah, "The big book of Civil War sites," Globe Pequot, 2011. ASIN: B004EWGS3S Page 432. Retrieved September 28, 2011.〕 The Austrian Empire, and later the Austro-Hungarian Empire, had much trouble trying to implement the tactic. It was soon abandoned after many embarrassing losses, and the Austrian Empire has never been known for its prowess with this military formation. Effective volley fire required practice in swiftly completing the required motions.〔() Gilbert, Adrian "The encyclopedia of warfare: from earliest times to the present day," Lyons Press, 2003. Page 76. ISBN 978-1-59228-027-8 Retrieved September 28, 2011〕 In the American Civil War volley fire was used quite effectively, since the effective range and rate of fire were greater than in earlier centuries.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Volley fire」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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